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Types of diabetes

Dibis sugar and its types

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system that involves abnormal changes in the hormonal background and the malnutrition of metabolism.

The disease is not applicable to liquidation so far (complete liquidation).It is possible to slow down the body destruction process through medicines and diet treatment, but it is impossible to stop and start in the opposite direction.

The main symptom of the disease is the chronic increase in blood glucose.The causes and nature of the disease are different, so it is divided into several types.

The types of diabetes (SD) are determined by the World Health Organization and show no fundamental differences throughout the medical world.Any type of diabetes does not apply to infectious diseases.

Type of pathology

A variety of types of disease are a major sign - increased glucose concentrations in the blood.Typization of diabetes comes from the causes of its occurrence.The methods of the patient's therapy, gender and age also take place.

Types of diabetes accepted in medicine:

  • The first type is insulin -dependent (ISD 1) or juvenile;
  • The second is insulin -dependent (inzsd 2) or insulin -resistant;
  • Diabetes pregnancy mellitus (HSD) during the perinatal period of women;
  • Other specific diabetes including:
  • Damage to the β cells of the pancreas at genetic level (variety of modi sugar disease);
  • pathologies of the pancreatic extension function;
  • hereditary and acquired pathologies of external secretion and their functions (endocrinopathy);
  • from a pharmacological point of view caused by diabetes;
  • diabetes as a result of congenital infections;
  • SD related to genomic pathologies and hereditary errors;
  • Violation of glycemia (blood glucose) in an empty stomach and violation of glucose tolerance.

Before Gribet, the boundary of the body when glycemia levels change to growth (disturbance of glucose tolerance), but blood glucose levels "do not" reach "the generally accepted digital values that correspond to true diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO 2014), more than 90% of endocrinologist patients suffer from second type of disease.

According to medical statistics, the tendency to increase the number of patients is clearly followed throughout the world.Over the past 20 years, the number of type 2 diabetics has doubled.GSD is pregnant for approx.Make up 5%.Specific types of diabetes are extremely rare and take a small percentage in medical statistics.

This is more common for women during the prelimactic period and during menopause.This is due to a change in hormonal condition and a set of extra pounds.In men, the development of type 2 diabetes is most often chronic inflammation of the pancreas due to toxic effects of ethanol.

Insulin -dependent diabetes (type 1)

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the inability of pancreatic cells.The organ does not perform its endocrine (intraregional) function for the production of insulin - a hormone responsible for the body's glucose production.As a result of glucose accumulation in the blood, the organs do not receive complete nutrition, including the pancreas itself.

To simulate the natural production of endocrine hormone, the patient is prescribed by medical insulins with injections with various temporary (short and long) and diet treatment.The classification of the first type of diabetes is dictated by the various etiology of the disease.There are two reasons for the insulin -dependent type of the disease: genetic and autoimmune.

Genetic reason

The development of pathology is associated with the biological properties of the human body to transmit its characteristic properties and abnormalities with the next generations.In terms of diabetes, the child inherits the disease from parents or close relatives with diabetes.

Important!The predisposition is inherited, but not the disease itself.There is no child with a 100% warranty on the development of diabetes.

Autoimmune reason

The occurrence of the disease is due to the functional failure of the immune system, when negative factors are actively produced by autoimmune antibodies that kill body cells.Triggers (momentum) are used to start autoimmune processes:

  • unhealthy food release and hypodynamia;
  • metabolic insufficiency (carbohydrate, lipid and protein);
  • Critical deficiency in the body of Colegalciferol and ergocalciferol (vitamins D);
  • Chronic pancreas patology;
  • Epidemics (pigs), measles, herpes Koksaki virus, Epstein-barra virus, cytomegalovirus, virus hepatitis, presence of viral hepatitis, presence;
  • anxiety (longer stay in neuropsychological stress);
  • chronic alcoholism;
  • Incorrect treatment with medical medicines containing hormone.

The formation of ISSD children, adolescents and adults who did not reach the age of thirty.The childhood version of the development of diabetes is related to complex viral infections in form 1A.Form 1B occurs in young people and children in the background of autoimmune processes and hereditary predisposition.The disease usually develops in forced mode for a few weeks or months.

Insulin -resistant diabetes (type 2)

The difference between the second type of diabetes mellitus and the first is that the pancreas does not stop insulin synthesis.Glucose is concentrated in the blood and does not enter the cells and tissues of the body because insulin insulin resistance is not sensitive.To a certain point, treatment is done with hypoglycemic (sugar) drugs and diet treatment.

To compensate for body imbalance, the pancreas activates the production of the hormone.He works in emergency mode, the organ is worn over time and loses the regional function.Type 2 diabetes is in an insulin -dependent form.The reduction or loss of cells to endogenous hormone is primarily involved in obesity, in which fat and carbohydrate metabolism disrupts.

This is especially true for visceral obesity (fat deposition around the internal organs).In addition, in addition to excessive body weight, blood flow is difficult due to many cholesterol plaques inside the blood vessels, which are formed with hypercholisterinemia that always accompany obesity.Thus, the cells of the body are the shortcomings of nutrition and energy sources.Other factors affecting the formation of InZD are as follows:

  • alcohol consumption;
  • gastronomic addiction to sweet foods;
  • chronic pancreatic diseases;
  • Pathologies of the heart and vascular system;
  • Food in food in the background of sitting lifestyle;
  • Incorrect hormone therapy;
  • complicated pregnancy;
  • dysfunctional inheritance (diabetes in parents);
  • Anxiety.

The disease is most often developed in women and men aged 40.In this case, the second type of diabetes is latent and is unlikely to show pronounced symptoms for several years.Testing blood glucose levels can detect pre -antia.With proper therapy, the antiabetic state can be reversed.If time is lost, it will progress and later diagnosed the insy.

Lada is diabetes

In medicine, "diabetes 1.5" is the name "diabetes" or lada diabetes.This is autoimmune violation of hormones and malfunction of metabolism in adults (at the age of 25).The disease combines the first and second types of diabetes.The development mechanism corresponds to the ISD, the latent course, and the manifestation of symptoms is similar to the InZD.

The evolution of pathology is autoimmune diseases in the patient's history:

  • Non -infectious inflammation of intervertebral joints (ankylosing spondylitis);
  • irreversible disease of the central nervous system - multiple sclerosis;
  • Granulomatic inflammatory pathology of the stomach tract (Crohn -kór);
  • Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland (Hashimoto thyroiditis);
  • Juvenile and rheumatoid arthritis;
  • Change of skin color (loss of pigment) (vitiligo);
  • Inflammatory pathology of the colon mucosa (ulcerative colitis);
  • Chronic damage to external secretion (Shegren syndrome) is external secretion (Shegren syndrome).

Combined with hereditary predisposition, autoimmune disorders lead to the progress of lada diabetes.Basic diagnostic methods are used to identify the disease, as well as blood microscopy that determines the concentration of IgG -class immunoglobulins to antigens (Immuno function).Therapy is performed through regular insulin injections and nutritional correction.

The pregnancy of the disease

GSD is a special type of diabetes that develops in women in the second half of the perinatal period.The disease is most often detected during a second planning screening when the pregnant mother performs a complete examination.The main feature of GSD coincides with type 2 diabetes - this is insulin resistance.The cells of a pregnant woman lose touch (sensitivity) against insulin for three main reasons:

  • Hormonal restructuring.During the pregnancy period, the synthesis of progesterone (steroid sex hormone), which blocks the production of insulin.In addition, the endocrine hormones of placenta are increasingly strengthened, the property of which is the inhibition of insulin production.
  • Double load on the female body.The body requires increased amounts of glucose to ensure the full nutrition of the unborn child.A woman uses more monosaccharides that causes the pancreas to synthesize more insulin.
  • Increase in body weight against a decrease in physical activity.Glucose, which enters the body abundantly, accumulates in the blood as cells deny insulin perception due to obesity and hypodynamia.Pregnant mother and fruit are incomplete nutrients and energy hunger.

Unlike the first and second types, pregnancy diabetes is a reversible process as the functional capabilities of insulin molecules and the pancreas are preserved.

A properly selected therapeutic tactic guarantees the elimination of pathology in 85% of cases.The main method of treating GDC is the "Table 9" of diabetics.In difficult cases, medical insulin injections are used.Sahabro-winning drugs are not used because of their teratogenic effects on the fetus.

In addition

Special types of diabetes are genetically determined (modi diabetes, certain types of endocrinopathy) or provokes other chronic pathologies:

  • Pancreatitis: pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, tumor, cystic fibrosis, mechanical injuries and glandular surgery;
  • Functional failure of the first lobe of the pituitary gland (acromegalia);
  • increased synthesis of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis);
  • Hypotalamic-hypophysis dispensation (Iceco-Cushing syndrome);
  • Tumor of adrenal cortex (aldoster, feochromocytoma, etc.).

Separate diabetic pathology - non -SHA Shagal diabetes is characterized by a reduction in the production of vasopressin hypotalamus hormone, which regulates fluid balance in the body.

Diagnostic measures

Diagnosis of diabetes (any type) is only possible based on the results of blood laboratory microscopy.Diagnosis consists of several consistently performed tests:

  • General clinical blood test to identify hidden inflammatory processes in the body.
  • Blood test (capillary or venous) for glucose content.It is made strictly on an empty stomach.
  • GTT (glucosotoles).This is done by determining the ability of the body to absorb glucose.The tolerance test is a two -time blood fence: on an empty stomach and two hours after the "glucostrors load", which plays a glucose -water solution, which is made in 200 ml of water 75 grams /.Materials.
  • HBA1C analysis to the level of glycosylated (glycied) hemoglobin.Based on the results of the study, we evaluate the retrospective of the blood in the blood in the last three months.
  • Blood biochemistry.Aspartatateaminotransferase (AST), Alaninine gas (Alt), alpha-amylase, alkaline phosphatase (SCF), bilirubin (bile pigment), cholesterol, cholesterol, cholesterol levels.
  • Blood testing of antibodies against glutamatdecarboxylase (GAD antibodies) determines the type of diabetes.

Reference values for blood glucose levels and disease indicators

Analysis For sugar Gluczotoles Glycated hemoglobin
norm 3.3 - 5.5 <7,8 ⩽ 6%
Prediabet 5.6 - 6.9 7.8 - 11.0 From 6-6.4%
diabetes >7.1 >11,1 More than 6.5%

In addition to blood microscopy, the general urine analysis of the presence of glucose in urine (glycosuria) is examined.In healthy people, there is no sugar in the urine (for diabetics, 0.061 - 0.083 mmol/l is considered a allowable norm).The recreate sample is also performed to identify the albumin protein in the urine and creatinine protein.In addition, the hardware diagnostics, including the ECG (electrocardiogram) and the ultrasound of the abdominal cavity (with kidneys) are prescribed.

Result

Modern medicine classifies diabetes according to four basic types, depending on the pathogenesis (origin and development of the disease): insulin -dependent (type 1 type), insulin -dependent (type of insulin 2), pregnancy (pregnant women GSD), specific (diabetes).A hasty diabetes cure for the perinatal period.The condition of pre -diabetes (violation of glucose tolerance) is considered reversible for early diagnosis.